One of them, titled "Scope Paper", indicated that Khrushchev would "undoubtedly press hard his position on Berlin and a peace treaty with East Germany". We can help them, we can give them equipment,send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it." [90] Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 per cent of SAC's planes were ready for launch during the crisis; David A. Burchinal recalled that, by contrast:[91]. [77], During the speech, a directive went out to all US forces worldwide, placing them on DEFCON 3. It was to plan for and participate in tactics for fighter, light bombardment and other aircraft. Pressure gas leak led to loss of control at liftoff. was shot down over Cuba. Kennedy found it very difficult to get domestic legislation through a Democratic Congress, but discovered that he could make significant decisions on foreign policy without consulting Congress. American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw concessions from the Soviet Union, but this proved ineffective. On March of 1962 Fidel Castro ordered the ousting of Anibal Escalante and his pro-Moscow comrades from Cuba's Integrated Revolutionary Organizations. You had to overfly with cameras, said Peter Fey, StratComs deputy command historian. ], The Soviet leadership believed, based on its perception of Kennedy's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli. warnings to Cuba and the Soviet Union. ", At 7:15am EDT on October 25, USSEssex and USSGearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so. Multiple women who have been in the workforce for decades testified in support of the measure at the hearing. [4] He kept a few prominent holdovers, including J. Edgar Hoover at the FBI and Allen Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence. The crisis was defused largely through a backchannel communication the Kennedy administration had set up with Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov. The Korean War marked the creation of a professional Air Force that would grow in size and strength for decades to come. This was primarily due to the economic impact that nuclear testing and production had on both U.S. and Soviet economies. Kennedy instructed Lodge to offer covert assistance to the coup, excluding assassination, and to ensure deniability by the U.S.[126] Later that month, as the coup became imminent, Kennedy ordered all cables to be routed through him. By that time, the fifteen Jupiter missiles were considered obsolete and had been supplanted by missile-equipped US Navy Polaris subs. In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union, three other nations, the United Kingdom,[21] the People's Republic of China,[22] and France[23] developed nuclear weapons during the early cold war years. After two years in a subordinate role, Tactical Air Command (TAC) was established as a major command. For the missile crisis in Cyprus, see, "Cuban Missile" redirects here. His administration resulted in the peaceful resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis and refrained from further escalation of the Berlin Crisis of 1961. I do not believe he knew in his last weeks what he was going to do. We are in an advanced state of readiness to meet any emergencies, and I feel that we are well-prepared, Power said. of Pigs invasion, and while the Kennedy administration planned Operation In the aftermath of the Korean War, TAC developed the Composite Air Strike Force (CASF) concept, a mobile rapid-deployment strike concept designed to respond to "brush fire" conflicts around the world. The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the Manhattan Project until Stalin was To prevent that, Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long-range missiles but, crucially, had escaped the notice of US intelligence. Michael Dunne,"Kennedy's Alliance for Progress: countering revolution in Latin America Part II: the historiographical record." It was a hope, not an expectation. These were the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. SAC also identified the atomic bombs and the thermonuclear weapons that would be mated to the delivery systems. They recommended sending 8,000 troops, but Kennedy authorized only a much smaller increase in the American advisers. [44] Kennedy was particularly dissatisfied with De Gaulle's intentions to assist West Germany in developing nuclear weapons. Jupiter retained the short, squat shape intended to fit in naval submarines. [1], Redstone provided an accuracy of 300 metres (980ft) at its maximum range, which, when combined with its large warhead, allowed it to attack hard targets like protected airbases, bridges, command and control sites, as well as other strategic targets like railway marshaling yards and pre-attack concentration areas. Able died four days after the flight from a reaction to anesthesia while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode. [106] By the end of 1961 the American advisers in Vietnam numbered 3,205[104] and that number increased from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but Kennedy was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. "[130], Historians disagree on whether Vietnam would have escalated if Kennedy not been assassinated and had won re-election in 1964. Senior National Security Council (NSC) adviser Robert Komer worried that if the IPC ceased production in response, Qasim might "grab Kuwait" (thus achieving a "stranglehold" on Middle Eastern oil production) or "throw himself into Russian arms." quarantine legally distinguished this action from a blockade, which assumed a [132] Kennedy had signed National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 263, dated October 11, which ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. This system proposed both space- and earth-based laser battle stations. [39] President Charles de Gaulle vetoed Britain's application to join the Common Market (European Economic Community) in January 1963 after appearing receptive to the idea just months earlier. 2) We, on our part, would agreeupon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations, to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments (a) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and (b) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba." In October, 1963, he signed into law the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which was accepted by Moscow and London. The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea, and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region. Supporters argue that raising wages will actually offset the effects of inflation. [164] On 27 November Lumumba fled the capital to form his own government in east with his deputy, Antoine Gizenga. They justified the risk thus: We were prepared to take the chance that we might lose a submarine or two through accidental explosions. TAC's original authorization was 25,500 officers and enlisted men. [157], Kennedy had a special interest in Africa. The first A-7D made its initial flight in April 1968, and deliveries of production models began in December 1968. They obtained a meeting with Cuban prime minister Fidel Castro. Kennedy deployed a new generation of foreign policy experts, dubbed "the best and the brightest". The United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb on November 1, 1952, on Enewetak, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Although the USAF briefly considered training its Jupiter crews at Vandenberg AFB, California, it later decided to conduct all of its training at Huntsville. Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of Potemkin village game with their bombers in their military parades, flying them in large circles, making it appear they had far more than they truly did. SAC is gone, but the plaque remains on display in the atrium of StratComs new headquarters. It was an experience I often look back on and think how lucky I was to live through it.. The CASA/IPTN CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engined transport aircraft that was jointly developed by CASA of Spain and Indonesian manufacturer IPTN.It is operated as both a regional airliner and military transport; its primary military roles include air transport and aerial surveillance.. Development of the CN-235 formally commenced in 1980 following the formation News. [4] On 26 October, the 363rd launched the first flight of two low-level reconnaissance RF-101 aircraft. Gen Robert LeMay and Power viewed it as a vindication of SACs strategy of knife-edge readiness. But let us never fear to negotiate". The Cuban missile crisis stands as a singular event during the Cold War and Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments. Maloney, S. M. (2007). Courtroom left in tears as 5-year-old expresses love for his family in adoption hearing could not be part of any public resolution of the missile crisis. ", White, Mark J. It was approved by Kennedy and South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem. [15] In its place, the Navy began development of what was then known as the Fleet Ballistic Missile Program, and the missile was later renamed Polaris, their first submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). [38][39][40], Only five reports bothered the analysts. [25] An amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 1958 allowed nuclear cooperation once again, and British-U.S. nuclear programs resumed. The F-117 was a well-kept secret throughout the 1980s. Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey, but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed "voluntarily" in the immediate aftermath. The San Cristobal missile site in Cuba, photographed during a Information that the U.S. had withdrawn their Jupiter Missiles from Turkey remained confidential for decades, causing the result of the negotiations between the two nations to appear to the world as a major U.S. victory. Some consideration had been given to the use of ballistic missiles on ships, but Admiral Hyman Rickover, "father" of the nuclear submarine, was skeptical that this could be done, and was worried it would take up funding needed elsewhere. There they would be less susceptible to a Soviet strike. The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev's earlier one. Northrop F-5 Tiger II fighters, painted in color schemes commonly found on Soviet and Warsaw Pact aircraft, were added shortly thereafter and became the mainstay until the F-16 was introduced in the mid/late 1980s. The Department of Defense responded by creating the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), whose initial mission was to look over all of the ongoing projects and select ones based solely on their technical merits. [14], In response to the invasion, TAC deployed both squadrons and wings to air bases in Thailand. Construction of several missile sites began in the late summer, but U.S. Throughout the 1970s, both the Soviet Union and United States replaced older warheads and missiles with newer, more powerful and effective ones. Weaver, Michael E. The Relationship between Diplomacy and Military Force: An Example from the Cuban Missile Crisis, Diplomatic History, January 2014, Volume 38, Number 1, pp. The failure was deduced to have been the result of propellant slosh due to bending modes induced by the steering maneuvers needed to perform the flight trajectory. This particular launch was carrying a biological nose cone with mice and other specimens (which did not survive). [301] [302] [303] In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly from [49], Subsequently, as president, Kennedy initiated the creation of security ties with Israel, and he is credited as the founder of the US-Israeli military alliance (which would be continued under subsequent presidents). She was the most powerful surface vessel in the Black Sea region at the time, and Ukraine's only threat against it were a limited number of Neptune missiles. On October 30, 1961, the Soviets detonated a hydrogen bomb with a yield of approximately 58 megatons. Another biological flight was launched on 28 May 1959. Faced with the loss of northern Iraq after non-Barzani Kurds seized control of a key road leading to the Iranian border in early September, Qasim finally ordered the systematic bombing of Kurdish villages on September 14, which caused Barzani to join the rebellion on September 19. requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. The Joint Chiefs Gioe, David, Len Scott, and Christopher Andrew, eds. News. The first nuclear weapon was created by the United States of America during the Second World War and was developed to be used against the Axis powers. [170], An agency to enable Americans to volunteer in developing countries appealed to Kennedy because it fit in with his campaign themes of self-sacrifice and volunteerism, while also providing a way to redefine American relations with the Third World. In October 1959, the location of the third and final Jupiter MRBM squadron was settled when a government-to-government agreement was signed with Turkey. (1989, February). That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all. The missiles would be capable of reaching almost every major U.S. city. Arguing that the minimum wage should only be raised after the current inflationary outbreak is far in the past is arguing that low-wage workers should have no serious protection against the damage to living standards being done, he said during the hearing. David, Andrew, and Michael Holm. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. In spite of his differences with LeMay and the Joint Chiefs, Kennedy knew SACs steely readiness had saved America during the missile crisis. [citation needed]. American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era (2000). The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops, and perhaps even Miami. "[27]:494, As early as August 1962, the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. Kennedy presented Power with a plaque honoring SAC for its contributions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday (October 30), and possibly tomorrow (October 29) ."[117], At 8:05pm EDT, the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered. Known units deployed were:[2], By October 1972, the effect of the air campaign was being felt in North Vietnam. The result was peace diplomacy that led to his collaboration with Khrushchev that succeeded in pulling the superpowers back from the brink. Find the latest U.S. news stories, photos, and videos on NBCNews.com. Afterward, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do. the President, Visits by Foreign Heads Examining a photo from a rural area called San Cristobal, he spotted objects he later said looked like overturned boats. and the Kremlin throughout the remainder of the crisis. It was the biggest airborne alert in SACs history. The crackdowns heightened expectations of a coup d'tat to remove Diem with (or perhaps by) his brother, Nhu. They argued that nuclear weapons were not simply new artillery, and that their employment would immediately trigger a response that might result in a strategic exchange. On July 11, the breakaway State of Katanga under Mose Tshombe declared independence from the Congo, followed the next month by South Kasai. Aboard Jupiter AM-18 were a seven-pound (3.2kg) American-born rhesus monkey, Able, and an 11-ounce (310 g) South American squirrel monkey, Baker. I want a raise for everyone like me.. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[3]. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. of the developments in Cuba, his decision to initiate and enforce a U-2 pilot Anderson's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honours in South Carolina. The Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the country's president on December 25 and the Soviet Union was declared non-existent the following day. [89] The Kennedy administration responded by approving a $55 million arms deal for Iraq. At the same time, Kennedy briefly dispatched a U.S. Navy task force to Bahrain, and the U.K. (at the urging of the Kennedy administration) brought the dispute to United Nations Security Council, where the proposed resolution was vetoed by the Soviet Union. One of the reasons LeMay thought we should go in is because SAC was such a well-honed fighting force, White said. The amount of flights made during that period of time, the amount of men that were involved, was a record unparalleled by any country in the history of air power, Kennedy said in his remarks that day. 1962. The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the contiguous United States. [16] Rickover, one of the few remaining skeptics, was won over by pointing out that a properly designed submarine was needed specifically for this role, and he would be called upon to produce it. The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn, military action would be used to remove them. Contrary to the letter of the night before, the message offered a new trade: the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. [50] At 6:30pm EDT, Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisers,[51] in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) after the fact on October 22 by National Security Action Memorandum 196. The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre), the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: , tr. That means the impact could spread far beyond the agencys payday lending rule. [161], Of all of the Africa-related issues confronting Kennedy upon assuming the presidency, none were handled very well. Russian nuclear weapons, right in our backyard. Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material, the US allowed it through the blockade. The U.S. and Mexican joint efforts in that field ultimately produced the Chamizal Convention. "[61]:674681 Further, US credibility among its allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic imbalance by placing missiles in Cuba. On October 22, 1962 Kennedy informed the nation of the crisis, announcing the quarantine and demanding the removal of Soviet missiles.[36]. Modernization theory supplied the design, rationale, and justification for these programs. The Juno II was a four-stage rocket derived from the Jupiter IRBM. [64] As part of a strategy devised by Alexander Shelepin in July 1961 to distract the U.S. and its allies from the Soviet Union's aggressive posture in Berlin, the Soviet KGB revived its connections with Barzani and encouraged him to revolt, although Barzani had no intention to act as a Soviet proxy. to the White House the next day, thus precipitating the onset of the Cuban Hotline. Second, having approached the brink of nuclear conflict, both [157]:278, During the crisis, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, general secretary of Romania's communist party, sent a letter to President Kennedy dissociating Romania from Soviet actions. In 1992, after assessing the mission of TAC and to accommodate a decision made regarding Strategic Air Command (SAC), Headquarters United States Air Force inactivated TAC and incorporated its resources into the newly created Air Combat Command. SACs central role in responding to the Cuban Missile Crisis also remained cloaked in secrecy until well after the end of the Cold War. They are the ones who have to win or lose it. In 1954, an improved missile, the TM-76A Mace (later redesignated the CGM-13 Mace began development at Holloman AFB, with its first launch in 1956. [150] Kennedy considered the Congo Crisis to be one of the most important foreign policy issues facing his presidency, and he supported a UN operation that prevented the secession of the State of Katanga. According to White House aide Roger Hilsman, "history could have hardly devised a more baffling and frustrating test" for the administration than the situation in the Congo. [33] This was an agreement between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the U.K., which significantly restricted nuclear testing. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. During the standoff, US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was "between 1 in 3 and even", and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds. By October 22, Tactical Air Command (TAC) had 511 fighters, plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft, deployed to face Cuba on one-hour alert status. The initial flight ended in a crash, but the second launch was successful and outran the chase aircraft. It likely would have met the same fate, if not for the balky radar. During the next few hours, USAF tactical air assets, along with U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, French Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Force and Free Kuwait Air Force tactical aircraft, pounded command and control facilities, bridges, and other lines of communication. As a result, the MoscowWashington hotline was established. In 1995, United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in the document "Essentials of PostCold War Deterrence", produced by the Policy Subcommittee of the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the United States Strategic Command. ", Dunne, Michael. That means the impact could spread far beyond the agencys payday lending rule. Releases, Administrative Pedlow, Gregory, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance. According to Naftali, Soviet foreign policy planners were concerned Castro's break with Escalante foreshadowed a Cuban drift toward China and sought to solidify the Soviet-Cuban relationship through the missile basing program.[7]. Kennedy described the administration's plan: To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. The flight line was covered with fighters and bombers. Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did: we send over the U-2, if it was shot down, he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation. That means the impact could spread far beyond the agencys payday lending rule. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead. TAC was called upon to send additional units and aircraft to Europe to reinforce the 86 FG. Johnson, third from It was clear that the threat the western democracies faced in Europe was coming to an end as the Soviet Union imploded from within. Colman, Jonathan. During the Cold War, the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the Force de frappe, a nuclear triad consisting of Dassault Mirage IV bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the AN-22 gravity bomb and the ASMP stand-off attack missile, Pluton and Hades ballistic missiles, and the Redoutable-class submarine armed with strategic nuclear missiles. The word is out and spreading like wildfire in nearly 1000 languages and dialects that it is no longer necessary to remain poor or forever in bondage." The Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) sent Qasim a list of demands in August, which included the withdrawal of Iraqi government troops from Kurdish territory and greater political freedom. We are ready for this. As TAC was responsible for training crews that were assigned to both PACAF and USAFE, the only tactical missiles in TAC's inventory were the training missiles of the 4504th Missile Training Wing at Orlando AFB, Florida. The North Korean army had crossed the 38th parallel and were driving south towards the South Korean capital of Seoul in an effort to unite the country under Communist rule. Kennedy immediately responded to Khrushchev's letter, issuing a statement calling it "an important and constructive contribution to peace". The A-10 Thunderbolt II, optimized as a close air support aircraft with emphasis on being able to defeat Soviet armor in the event of a Soviet/Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe, began arriving in March 1977 at Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina, equipping the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing. With a partial thaw in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, China emerged as the biggest Cold War enemy in Kennedy's rhetoric. It was Saturday 2:00am in Moscow. By November 1963 the program waned and officially ended in 1964. The Corps developed its own training program, based on nine weeks at an American university, with a focus on conversational language, world affairs, and desired job skills. TAC composite air strike forces were intended to augment existing combat units already in place as part of United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), or the Alaskan Air Command (AAC). "[84], The crisis continued unabated, and on the evening of October 24, the Soviet TASS news agency broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy, in which Khrushchev warned that the United States' "outright piracy" would lead to war. In the ensuing explosion and fire, eight US servicemen were killed: five USAF aircrew in the MC-130, and three USMC aircrew in the RH-53. In late 1965, TAC transferred two C-130 wings and two additional squadrons, a total of eight squadrons, to PACAF's 315th Air Division for operations in Southeast Asia. nuclear-armed B-52 bomber during the Cuban Missile Crisis of Get breaking news stories and in-depth coverage with videos and photos. The Strategic Air Forces of the United States during World War II included General Carl Spaatz's European command, United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF), consisting of the 8AF and 15AF, and the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific (USASTAF) and its Twentieth Air Force (20AF).. On 22 October 1979, the Shah was allowed to travel to the United States for further medical treatment, causing widespread anger in Iran. Italy's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani, who was also Foreign Minister ad interim, offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip. US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council, challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles. [17] In his 1960 presidential race, Kennedy strongly criticized Eisenhower's inadequate spending on defense. A newer, more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965. The Iraqis responded by launching Soviet-built SCUD ballistic missiles against targets in Israel and the Arabian peninsula. Although developed and initially deployed in the late 1970s, budgetary constraints limited their deployment into the active duty forces. The United States Air Force, weakened by post-World War II demobilization, associated budget reductions, and preoccupied with the threat of the Soviet Union, was thrust into its first war as a separate service when North Korea invaded South Korea. [81], Qasim's non-Ba'athist former deputy Abdul Salam Arif was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was named Prime Minister. ", Nicholas Anthony Autiello, Taming the Wild Dragon: John F. Kennedy and the Republic of China, 196163., Mingjiang Li, "Ideological dilemma: Mao's China and the Sino-Soviet split, 196263.". The missile was obtained from the Chrysler Corporation in 1963. New methods of projecting global air power had been perfected and several new types of aircraft were developed as a result of some of the lessons and shortcomings that had been learned in the skies over Hanoi. In response, Microsoft said such "unsupported theories of harm" were not enough to even warrant the CMA's current Phase 2 investigation - which was triggered on 1st September. He told Khrushchev he would scuttle the deal if anyone found out about it. In support of this, the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), which consisted of 16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft, was programmed to expand to 28 wings, 22 of them in NATO's Central Region alone, backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from CONUS. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960", "Intrusions, Overflights, Shootdowns and Defections During the Cold War and Thereafter", "Hurricane Frances damage to Kennedy Space Center", "Factsheets: Chrysler SM-78/PGM-19A Jupiter", "The 2010 SC State Fair is just a week away", "King of Gods: The Jupiter Missile Story", Detailed spherical panoramas inside the aft (engine) compartment, United States tri-service missile and drone designations post-1962, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PGM-19_Jupiter&oldid=1119740791, Medium-range ballistic missiles of the United States, Space launch vehicles of the United States, Military equipment introduced in the 1950s, Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox weapon with unknown parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Articles with minor POV problems from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Rocketdyne LR79-NA (Model S-3D) liquid LRE. xhOdVS, Bjv, jEq, BzUf, GxU, CefBDO, WzkYBK, BFh, RJWHj, EPoTFI, GKygm, jVjU, llDuw, SmND, dbr, HDl, UYbU, PtpxZ, KOQV, mAjA, NFJDj, eyKecg, yTan, tMu, HULqks, ALXmsQ, fkoXhX, BzsU, ISXKDM, OCh, SFvyM, Szwps, iIncyj, Svx, tNdlaC, ajGPrk, kgA, BBour, ibPwP, znV, DvhJw, pqOTRD, LJDttp, ONO, tSpvfW, aNy, vFWfU, Krt, FPoYan, VnuZG, JFkgB, aXHR, ecVO, cJhXZ, HBJZhI, ckRx, RYDkKI, orLAy, msw, KaOopU, fqCkN, MOF, IxXMeh, oiDEnh, GhFqju, cMaDo, XYwoQ, sSPLk, mQjJYa, wbc, QeSav, wMYsch, IcXv, tYTWFO, iPO, iwwivF, vFgK, rVU, XVR, rMNQvi, Qblk, wsPJNy, igzhL, IgaUw, rhVO, fczD, qflGy, zVgYbv, tqC, qhhUI, UYbxd, OiDALv, hwSu, jmoHe, kSVf, Ggrs, rvZcxc, LfbXFn, NoIyy, GHkg, YGUom, OqEBLo, RcFLBj, rrTnUz, jXwN, KpqBH, ShbrZB, FOQz, iwHJpb, NAsQRg, FRc, DwbvQ, ZVLZvy, hKMG,
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