how did islam spread through missionaries

[74], A panorama in 12 folds showing a fabulous Eid ul-Fitr procession by, Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyads (610750 CE), Conversion within the empire: Umayyad vs. Abbasid period, Conversion within the empire: "Conversion curve", Emergence of Seljuks and Ottomans (9501450), Flags of the Sultanates in the East Indies, The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp.125-126, Gibbon, ci, ed. It is now apparent that conversion by force, while not unknown in Muslim countries, was, in fact, rare. A major push for Islamic missionary work in North America occurred when large numbers of educated professional Muslim immigrants as well as higher-education seeking foreign Muslim students began to arrive in Canada and the United States in the early 1970s. [62] There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, the first Muslim gravestone markings year 1082. [1] These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the age of the Islamic gunpowder empires, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. South Asia. According to Thomas Walker Arnold, for the Persian, he would meet Ahura Mazda and Ahriman under the names of Allah and Iblis. Later, it was the Mamluk ruler Baibars who played an important role in bringing many Golden Horde Mongols to Islam. In addition, two important Muslim states in the Horn of Africa were the Sultanates of Adal (1415-1577 CE) and Ajuran (13-17th century CE). [1] At other times, converts were won in conjunction with the propagation efforts of rulers. In all such cases, we see that neither sword nor force was used to convert people to Islam. Through commerce, Islam spread amongst the Somali population in the coastal cities. The Prophet of Islam has also been mentioned as a reminder, not as a person who forces Islam upon others: Therefore, you remind (them), for you are only a reminder; you are not a watcher over them. (Surah al Ghaashiya, 88:21-22). As commerce grew in the region with the rest of the Muslim world, Islamic influence extended to the court even as the empires political power waned and so by the time Raja Kertawijaya converted in 1475 at the hands of Sufi Sheikh Rahmat, the Sultanate was already of a Muslim character. In the 20th century, Islam grew in Africa both by birth and by conversion. P. M. ( Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis. They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women;."[17]. Last modified May 10, 2019. In the 6th year after the Prophet's migration, accompanied by Muslims, he decided to go for pilgrimage to Mecca. The Arab expansion pushed over the mountains into southern France, and for a short period Arabs controlled the old Visigothic province of Septimania (centered on present-day Narbonne). The caliphatea new Islamic political structureevolved and became more sophisticated during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. The last eleven years, the Prophet lived in Medina. . [1] Later, the Samanids, whose roots stemmed from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility, propagated Sunni Islam and Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. () The status of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians was more precisely defined, and in some ways it was inferior. As the UNESCO General History of Africa summarises, unlike many other faiths: Islam is not only a religion: it is a comprehensive way of life, catering for all the fields of human existence. [67] under Alm. [73] Some Muslims in the Balkans chose to leave, while many others were forcefully expelled to what was left of the Ottoman Empire. "[15] In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation. For instance, they represented Ali as the tenth avatar of Vishnu and wrote hymns as well as a mahdi purana in their effort to win converts. Islam faces a very formidable enemy in form of the biased media in Europe and the Americas. [23], The Ottoman sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924. One noted Timbuktu scholar was the saint Sharif Sidi Yahya al-Tadilsi (d. c. 1464 CE) who became the patron saint of the city. [31] (Other sources question how much the native population welcomed the conquering Muslims.)[32]. [42] In the coming centuries, relatively large parts of the Caucasus became Muslim, while the larger swaths of it would still remain pagan (paganism branches such as the Circassian Habze) as well as Christian (notably Armenia and Georgia), for centuries. Ira Lapidus points towards "interwoven terms of political and economic benefits and of a sophisticated culture and religion" as appealing to the masses. However, just like the religion itself, there were minor local differences. In addition to conversion to Islam, the Muslim population also grew from a higher birth rate than non-Muslims as a result of the rights of Muslim men to marry four women, have numerous concubines and raise their children as Muslims.[22]. In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines. Islam diffused from Mecca and spread throughout the Middle East and into Central Asia and North Africa. Islam spread throughout West Africa via merchants, traders, scholars, and missionaries, that is largely through peaceful means whereby African rulers either tolerated the religion . Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Islamic architecture spread with the religion with mosques being built wherever there were worshippers. The tide of Arab expansion after 630 rolled through North Africa up to Ceuta in present-day Morocco. What about the battles that the Prophet Muhammad fought after he established his political power in Medina? [45] Later, starting from the 9th century, the Samanids, whose roots stemmed from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility, propagated Sunni Islam and Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. "[15] Conversion initially was neither required nor necessarily wished for: "(The Arab conquerors) did not require the conversion as much as the subordination of non-Muslim peoples. In Malabar, Muslims are called Mappila. These were, in no certain order, the ease of conversion, the political consolidation of the Islamic state and the remarkable military effectiveness of Islamic armies. The faith of Islam spread very swiftly after the death of the Prophet Mohammad in 632 A.D., largely due to three factors. [3], While there were cases such as the Sassanid army division at Hamra, that converted en masse before pivotal battles such as the Battle of al-Qdisiyyah, conversion was fastest in the urban areas where Arab forces were garrisoned slowly leading to Zoroastrianism becoming associated with rural areas. There is an increasing trend towards hiring of full-time Muslim chaplains to cater to increasing populations of Muslim prisoners[30] in large urban areas. The two spheres of Islam and trade are closely intertwined, as here explained in the UNESCO General History of Africa: The association of Islam and trade in sub-Saharan Africa is a well-known fact. He met them and invited them to a pact with the Muslims so that each religious group in Medina knew its rights and obligations. Muslim missionaries played a key role in the spread of Islam in India with some missionaries even assuming roles as merchants or traders. [9] In the following centuries, the consolidation of Muslim trading networks, connected by lineage, trade, and Sufi brotherhoods, had reached a crescendo in West Africa, enabling Muslims to wield tremendous political influence and power. This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals,[49] and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. Work Cited "The Spread of Christianity in Europe." A major development in the history of Muslim Spain was the dynastic change in 750 in the Arab Caliphate, when an Umayyad Prince escaped the slaughter of his family in Damascus, fled to Cordoba in Spain, and created a new Islamic state in the area. Muslim missionaries across India received a significant moral boost with the formation of the Mughal Empire in Northern India in the sixteenth century. The Ajuran and Adal Sultanates, and the wealthy Mali Empire, in North Africa, the Delhi, Deccan, and Bengal Sultanates, and Mughal and Durrani Empires, and Kingdom of Mysore and Nizam of Hyderabad in the Indian subcontinent, the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Samanids in Persia, Timurids, and the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia significantly changed the course of history. They have come as immigrants, guest workers, asylum seekers or as part of family reunification. Such bias is based on the historical stereotype that the Arabs forced the non-Arabs into the Islamic faith. There are many reasons why Islam spread so quickly. [66] Little is known about the timeline of the Islamization of Inner Asia and of the Turkic peoples who lay beyond the bounds of the caliphate. Following this conquest, the Umayyads of Crdoba promoted Islam in their newly conquered territories of what are today the modern-day European states of Spain and Portugal. Large numbers of local inhabitants converted to Islam as a result. Mosques were built such as Timbuktu's Great Mosque (aka Djinguereber or Jingereber), and Koranic schools and universities were established which quickly gained an international reputation. In the recent past it was not uncommon to see books with drawings of an Arab riding his horse with sword in the one hand & the Qur'an in the other. Muslim's community was developed in the Arabian Peninsula during Muhammad lifetime through conversion to Islam. [28] The conversion to Islam of most converts in North America can be attributed to several distinct, yet symbiotic, missionary activities. Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, especially Indian traders in Southeast Asia. Around this point in time, new European ideas of romantic nationalism started to seep into the Empire, and provided the intellectual foundation for new nationalistic ideologies and the reinforcement of the self-image of many Christian groups as subjugated peoples. In Afghanistan, Islam was spread due to Umayyad missionary efforts particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and Umar ibn AbdulAziz. The Spread of Islam in AfricaMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). The Mongols destroyed the caliphate and persecuted Islam, replacing it with Buddhism as the official state religion. 1 How does this document explain how Islam spread? Initially, Akbar the Great chose to follow a form of inter-faith dialogue somewhat contrary to the views of the traditional clergy, a stratagem that was to be totally reversed by his great-grandson Aurangzeb half a century later. Meccans came to extract revenge for the defeat in Badr. As more people were converted, so more Muslim clerics were attracted from abroad and the religion was spread further across West Africa. For instance, they represented Ali as the tenth avatar of Vishnu and wrote hymns as well as a Mahdi purana in their effort to win converts. This was the start of a distinctly Spanish Muslim society, where large Christian and Jewish populations coexisted with an increasing percentage of Muslims. While it entailed the acceptance of new religious beliefs and membership in a new religious community, most converts retained a deep attachment to the cultures and communities from which they came."[18]. The Berbers embraced Islam rapidly, but their process of Islamization, which is not well documented, took a long time. The spread of Islam was through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. Most of the significant population of Muslims in China is a result, not of missionary activity, but of trade links forged between various Muslim Caliphates with various Chinese dynasties over the centuries. His successors would rule the most powerful of Sultanates in the Swahili coast, during the peak of its expansion the Kilwa Sultanate stretched from Inhambane in the south to Malindi in the north. This was followed by the powerful Ghurids and Timurids who further expanded the culture of Islam and the Timurid Renaissance, reaching until Bengal. into the territory of the Pechenegs, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. During the reign of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, Syria was conquered in 635 CE, Palestine in 637 CE, Egypt in 642 CE, and also two-thirds of Persia was conquered. It is thus perhaps more comprehensible, given the above, why so many African rulers and elites were ready to adopt a foreign religion when it also brought with it definite advantages of governance and wealth. The Wolof (aka Jolof or Djolof) Empire was a state on the coast Ibn Battuta (l. 1304-1368/69) was a Moroccan explorer from Tangier Insoll, T. "The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa.". Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states". Islamic missionary work or dawah means to "invite" (in Arabic, literally "invitation") to Islam. (b) the last eleven years of his life in Medina. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project 1995-2022. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. The spread of Islam began after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Muhammad help to spread the religion of Islam. Cartwright, Mark. The late Marshall Hodgson, in his famous book, the Venture of Islam, says: There was no attempt at converting the peoples of the imperial territories, who practically all adhered to some form of confessional religion alreadyIn the chiefly non-Arab agricultural lands, the object was not conversion but ruleThe superiority of Islam as religion, and therefore in providing for social order, would justify Muslim rule: would justify the simple, fair-dealing Muslims in replacing the privileged and oppressive representatives of the older, corrupted allegiances2, Ira M. Lapidus, writes the following in earlier quoted book A History of Islamic Societies: The second principlewas that the conquered populations should be as little disturbed as possible. When the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck visited the encampment of Batu Khan of the Golden Horde, who had recently (in the 1240s) completed the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, he noted "I wonder what devil carried the law of Machomet there". For example, in the 9th century, the Ismailis sent missionaries across Asia in all directions under various guises, often as traders . In addition, Islamic studies were, at least initially, conducted in Arabic, not native languages, and this further impeded its popularity outside the educated clerical class of towns and cities. Finally, Muslim clerics often made themselves very useful to the community in practical daily life (and so they increased the appeal of Islam) by offering prayers on request, performing administrative tasks, offering medical advice, divining - such as the interpretation of dreams, and making charms and amulets. Aside from genuine spiritual conviction, African leaders may have recognised that adopting Islam (or seeming to) or at the least tolerating it would be beneficial to trade. III, Abridged Edition: Africa Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Another motivation for rulers to adopt Islam besides greater riches with which to impress their people and hold on to power was that a new dynasty may have been bolstered in its claims of legitimacy by also adopting a new religion. Dominant kingdoms included Majapahit Kingdom in Central Java, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east. The net result was, in those areas of Spain where Muslim rule lasted the longest, the creation of a society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants, a process in some ways similar to the assimilation many years later of millions of immigrants to the United States into English-speaking culture. [31] J. Michael Waller claims that Muslim inmates comprise 17-20% of the prison population in New York, or roughly 350,000 inmates in 2003. Adopting Islam permitted, too, the exchange of diplomatic embassies with North African states, as well as the possibility to send scholars for training, both of which brought the sub-Saharan states, in particular, into contact with the wider Mediterranean world and increased the prestige of rulers. Another group which fought against the tide of Islam were the Mossi people, who controlled the lands south of the Niger River and who attacked such cities as Timbuktu in the first half of the 15th century CE. [63], In the mid 7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into areas that would later become part of European Russia. In the United Kingdom, prominent specialists include: The Muslim population in the United States has increased vastly since 1950, with growth driven by both conversion as well as immigration. [10], Islam was introduced to the Horn of Africa early on from the Arabian peninsula, shortly after the hijra. [21] That theory does not explain the continuing existence of large minorities of Christians during the Abbasids. Only the Arabian Peninsula had a higher proportion of Muslims among the population.[17]. The caliphs furthermore began the ambitious project of building mosques across the empire, many of which remain today, such as the Umayyad Mosque, in Damascus. The Ottoman Empire defended its frontiers initially against threats from several sides: the Safavids in the east, the Byzantine Empire in the north until it vanished by the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, and the great Catholic powers from the Mediterranean Sea: Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and Venice with its eastern Mediterranean colonies. Instability in the Arabian peninsula saw further migrations of early Muslim families to the Somali seaboard. African rulers either tolerated the religion or converted to it themselves. [citation needed] These missionary movements also preached outside the borders of the Islamic empire taking advantage of the expansion of foreign trade routes, primarily into the Indo-Pacific and as far south as the isle of Zanzibar and the southeastern shores of Africa. [57][58] The Mughals, already suffering a gradual decline in the early 18th century, was invaded by the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah. [59] The Mughal decline provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, Mysore Kingdom, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad and Nizams of Hyderabad to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. [9] Indeed, in the middle of the eleventh century, the Kanem Empire, whose influence extended into Sudan, converted to Islam. [20] Islam was initially associated with the Arabs' ethnic identity and required formal association with an Arab tribe and the adoption of the client status of mawali. Aside from genuine spiritual conviction, African leaders may have recognised that adopting Islam (or seeming to) would be beneficial to trade. Islam had more immediate success further south on the Swahili Coast. Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Umar known as Umar's Assurance, allowing for the religious freedom for Christians in exchange for jizya, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called dhimmis. [citation needed] Thomas Walker Arnold suggests that the Zoroastrian figures Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were equated with Allah and Iblis.[1]. The most important and main reasons are conquest, law, and trade. The Muslim conquerors signed treaties guaranteeing to the conquered people the freedom to practice their religion as long as they paid the required tribute to the caliph's treasury. One town was Muslim and boasted 12 mosques while the other, just 10 km away and joined by many intermediate buildings, was the royal residence with many traditional cult shrines and one mosque for visiting merchants. Mosques on the Swahili Coast, for example, had neither the minarets or inner courtyard typical of mosques elsewhere in the Islamic world. As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant, A related view is that conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, Was a combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart, That the bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the, Kayadibi, Saim. The location and the circumstances are quite clear that the Meccan infidels were the aggressors. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the 7th century onwards, Islam spread rapidly from the Arabian Peninsula to the rest of the world through either trade and exploration or Muslim conquests. [67], Another contemporary institution identified as Muslim, the Qarakhanid dynasty of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, operated much further east,[67] established by Karluks who became Islamized after converting under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan in the mid-10th century. [3] By AD 1330s three of the four major khanates of the Mongol Empire had become Muslim. Second Phase: Medinese era of the last 11 years of his life. The infidels prevented the Muslims from entering the city of Mecca. [3], Through the Muslim conquest of Persia, in the 7th century, Islam spread as far as the North Caucasus, which parts of it (notably Dagestan) were part of the Sasanid domains. [28] When the hour for his prayer came, Omar was in the Anastasis church, but refused to pray there, lest in the future Muslims should use that as an excuse to break the treaty and confiscate the church. (Vol III, 20). Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq, the sixth Shi'a Imam from the Ahlul Bayt (P), said,Call the people towards Islam without using your tongue.. When Islam arrived on the scene in the first millennium A . In contrast, an association with Islam sometimes brought a certain prestige, a point seen most clearly in the re-recording of community histories and foundation myths to include the arrival of a founder from the East. After lengthy negotiations, both parties signed a peace treaty for the term of ten years. Tariq ibn Ziyad was a Muslim general who led the Islamic conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711-718 A.D. The interior of Yathrib shall be a sacred place for all who accept this Charter. [20] Governors lodged complaints with the caliph when he enacted laws that made conversion easier since that deprived the provinces of revenues from the tax on non-Muslims. Where did the Turks spread Islam? The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated intense feeling. Main articles: Arab-Byzantine Wars, Byzantine-Seljuq wars, Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. [71] The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.[71]. [73] This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in Belgrade, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850. [36] However, new scholarship has appeared that provides more nuance and details of the conversion of the Christian inhabitants to Islam. 1stto 6thyear: defending against the aggression of the Meccan forces and their allies. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity. According to historians, through the zealous missionary work of Samanid rulers, as many as 30,000 tents of Turks came to profess Islam and later under the Ghaznavids higher than 55,000 under the Hanafi school of thought. 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