how many castles in great britain

[169], Early gunpowder weapons were introduced to England from the 1320s onwards and began to appear in Scotland by the 1330s. Ruinous tower formerly incorporated in timber house. There are five castles in West Sussex. [251][nb 7] The ratio of artillery pieces to defenders varied considerably in sieges, but in all cases there were more guns than in previous conflicts; up to one artillery piece for every nine defenders was not unknown in extreme cases, such as near Pendennis Castle. As the role of the castle as a fortress declined in the later medieval period, its role as a residence increasingly became the more important. Stirling Castle (eds) (2001), Bailey, Elaine. [91] At the end of the 12th century the Welsh rulers began to build castles in stone, primarily in the principality of North Wales. Historic Castle For Sale 3m Otterburn, ENGLAND. As part of this occupation he instructed his leading nobles to construct eight new castles across the region; Aberystwyth and Builth in mid-Wales and Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, Flint, Harlech and Rhuddlan Castle in North Wales. Arundel Castle in her majestic surroundings. Free open access at any reasonable time.\t"],newpoints[99]=[52.367222,-2.723611,icon4,"\tLudlow Castle\t","\tLudlow Castle,\tLudlow, Shropshire\t
Owned by: \t\t
\tLargely ruined, substantial medieval castle.\tOriginally built to control the troubled Welsh Borders, the first fortress was built shortly after the Norman Conquest of England. Originally built as an undefended manor house, it was fortified on the outbreak of Anglo-Scottish Wars. [130] The castle-guard system faded into abeyance in England, being replaced by financial rents, although it continued in the Welsh Marches well into the 13th century and saw some limited use during Edward I's occupation of Scotland in the early 14th century. [267][346] At Kenilworth the speculative and commercial reconstruction of the castle gardens in an Elizabethan style led to a vigorous academic debate over the interpretation of archaeological and historical evidence. 2526. During the mid-1800\u2019s the castle was completely re-built and the estate developed into a modern farm. Now operating as an organic and rare breeds farm. Whitewashed over at the time of the Reformation they remained hidden until being rediscovered in the 1940s. The early-20th-century historian and archaeologist Ella Armitage published a ground-breaking book in 1912, arguing convincingly that British castles were in fact a Norman introduction, while historian Alexander Thompson also published in the same year, charting the course of the military development of English castles through the Middle Ages. A museum in Barbican House relays the history of the castle and town. Prison Architecture: Policy, Design, and Experience. Although we have attempted to create the most comprehensive listing on the internet, there is a small chance that a few castles may have slipped through our net. During the English Civil War the castle was a Royalist stronghold, and following a three-year siege in 1645, it surrendered to Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarians. Intended to become the most spectacular house in Devon, Sir Edward Seymour started building his new four-storey house in 1560. Its fortifications were increased in response to the warfare which raged between England and Scotland in the period between 1300 - 1600. [207] In Scotland a number were built in Scottish towns. [337] Royal castles such as the Tower of London and Windsor are owned by the Occupied Royal Palaces Estate on behalf of the nation. Artificial ruins and follies, often built as memorials or landscape features, are also excluded. Renovated again in the 1960\u2019s, the castle is now a comfortable private residence. [89] As historian Lise Hull has suggested, the creation of castles in Scotland was "less to do with conquest" and more to do with "establishing a governing system". The castle was abandoned by the family in the early 19th century. "],newpoints[193]=[54.762178,-2.686209,icon4,"Kirkoswald Castle","Kirkoswald Castle, Cumbria
Scheduled Ancient Monument
In 1210 King John granted permission to Hugh de Morvile to fortify his manor house at Kirkoswald. Considered to be the first example of a circular stone keep in England; previously keeps were either square or rectangular in design. Fortified manor converted to castle in 1474, slighted during English Civil War. [270] In Ireland tower houses and castles remained in use until after the Glorious Revolution, when events led to a dramatic shift in land ownership and a boom in the building of Palladian country houses; in many cases using timbers stripped from the older, abandoned generation of castles and tower houses. Besieged on a number of occasions, including for seven years during the War of the Roses, the castle inspired the tune Men of Harlech, a rousing song still used in the British military to this day. Single tower survives, adjoining a 17th-century building. McNeill, pp. Amongst these are Acton Castle, Allerton Castle, Augill Castle, Avon Castle, Bell's Castle, Bolesworth Castle, Bude Castle, Castle Eden Castle, Castle Goring, Cave Castle, Clearwell Castle, Cliffe Castle, Coates Castle, Creech Castle, Droskyn Castle, Edmond Castle, Enmore Castle, Ewell Castle, Farleigh Castle, Farley Castle, Fillingham Castle, Hatherop Castle, Headingley Castle, Highcliffe Castle, Hilfield Castle, Kenwith Castle, Kirby Knowle Castle, Knepp Castle, Luscombe Castle, Midford Castle, Mulgrave Castle, Otterburn Tower, Pentillie Castle, Reeve Castle, Ryde Castle, St. Clare Castle, Sibdon Castle, Sneaton Castle, Stanhope Castle, Studley Castle, Swinton Castle, The Citadel (Weston-under-Redcastle), Tregenna Castle, Vanbrugh Castle, Wadhurst Castle, Wattisham Castle, Whitehaven Castle, Whitstable Castle, Willersley Castle, and Willsbridge Castle. The couple made Middleham their home, before Richard ascended to the throne in 1483 as King Richard III. Extensive remodelling in the 13th and 14th centuries created a circular stone keep atop the motte, surrounded by a curtain wall. The remains of town and city walls are excludedmost of these appear in the List of town walls in England and Wales. Built in 1134 (and using a great deal of stone from a nearby Roman settlement) and expanded in the 14th century, Cockermouth Castle stands high above the town overlooking the River Derwent. Restricted opening times and entrance charges apply.\t"],newpoints[78]=[54.245206,-1.06384,icon4,"\tHelmsley Castle\t","\tHelmsley Castle,\tHelmsley, Yorkshire\t
Owned by: \tFeversham family & English Heritage\t
\tRemains of medieval castle.\tOriginally constructed in wood around 1120 by Walter Espec, who was also responsible for the founding of nearby Rievaulx Abbey, the castle was rebuilt in stone by Robert de Roos at the beginning of the 13th century. [7][nb 1], William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and one of his first actions after landing was to build Hastings Castle to protect his supply routes. Free and open access at any reasonable time.\t"],newpoints[144]=[53.963465,-2.015413,icon4,"\tSkipton Castle\t","\tSkipton Castle,\tSkipton, Yorkshire\t
Owned by: \tFattorini family\t
\tOne of the most complete medieval castles in England.\tThe original earth and wood motte and bailey fortification built in 1090 by Robert de Romille was rebuilt in stone shortly after to withstand attacks from raiding Scots. [37] Traditionally this transition was believed to have been driven by the more crude nature of wooden fortifications, the limited life of timber in wooden castles and its vulnerability to fire; recent archaeological studies have however shown that many wooden castles were as robust and as complex as their stone equivalents. Some restoration of the buildings began in the 1840s.\t"],newpoints[107]=[55.721938,-2.150838,icon4,"\tNorham Castle\t","\tNorham Castle,\tNorham, Northumberland\t
Owned by: \tEnglish Heritage\t
\tPartly ruined medieval border castle.\tCommanding a vital ford over the River Tweed, the castle was founded by Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, who gave orders for its construction in 1121 to protect his property from Scottish raids. The castle appears to have fallen into ruin by 1360, possibly after suffering a siege. Castles For Sale in England - Castleist CASTLES FOR SALE IN ENGLAND Select Region Price Range England 11m Lympne, ENGLAND. Remodelled in the 18th and 19th centuries. A small number of castles in England and Scotland were developed into Renaissance Era palaces that hosted lavish feasts and celebrations amid their elaborate architecture. Restricted opening times and entrance charges apply.\t"],newpoints[138]=[53.659106,-1.491261,icon4,"\tSandal Castle\t","\tSandal Castle,\tWakefield, Yorkshire\t
Owned by: \tScheduled Ancient Monument\t
\tRemains of the 13th century stone castle.\tBuilt shortly after the Norman Conquest, the original castle was started around 1107. Famous for its set of medieval wall paintings, dating from around 1330, which depict religious, secular and moral themes. Later rebuilt in stone, Restormel is unusual in that it has a perfectly circular shell keep. William the Conqueror built the castle in 1080 and it has remained a royal palace and fortress for over 900 years. 14th-century tower, three further towers added in the 1819th century. Between 1570 and 1571, Elizabeth I updated and strengthened the defences by adding new gun platforms. The surrender terms demanded that the castle be slighted (demolished). (eds) (2003), Glendinning, Miles, Ranald MacInnes and Aonghus MacKechnie. In 1922, the Castle and parkland were gifted to the town and now serves as a public museum. [227] The forts were usually tiered to allow the guns to fire over one another and had features such as vents to disperse the gunpowder smoke. [336] The National Trust increasingly acquired castle properties in England in the 1950s, and is the second largest single owner, followed by the various English local authorities and finally a small number of private owners. [182] John Leland's 16th-century accounts of English castles are replete with descriptions of castles being "sore decayed", their defences "in ruine" or, where the walls might still be in good repair, the "logginges within" were "decayed". Answer (1 of 5): Standing is a tricky one, so you'll probably want more than just earthworks. Towers originally had conical roofs, north wall collapsed in 1910. [162], In the south of England private castles were being built by newly emerging, wealthy families; like the work at Windsor, these castles drew on the architectural themes of earlier martial designs, but were not intended to form a serious defence against attack. [241] Those maintained as private homes; such as Arundel, Berkeley, Carlisle and Winchester were in much better condition, but not necessarily defendable in a conflict; while some such as Bolsover were redesigned as more modern dwellings in a Palladian style. The manor and castle were purchased by Sir George Talbot in 1553, who set about re-building it for elegant living rather than defence. Built between 1539 and 1545, it guarded the important anchorage of Carrick Roads. (2009), Hull, Lise E. and Whitehorne, Stephen. jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 7) {} } );jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} ); jQuery(document).ready(function(){jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [7, 1]) } ); Features a virtual tour! In some cases this had destructive consequences as wealthy collectors bought and removed architectural features and other historical artefacts from castles for their own collections, a practice that produced significant official concern. There was a history of Irish fortifications called rths, a type of ringfort, some of which were very heavily defended but which are not usually considered to be castles in the usual sense of the word. The Changing Scottish Landscape, 15001800. [152] The elaborate gatehouse, with an excessive five sets of doors and six portcullises, also appears to have been designed to impress visitors and to invoke an image of an Arthurian castle, then believed to have been Byzantine in character. In the centuries that followed, vast sums of money were spent to transform the medieval castle into a palace fortress. Although up to a thousand Irish soldiers who had served in Europe returned during the war, bringing with them experience of siege warfare from the Thirty Years' War in Europe, it was the arrival of Oliver Cromwell's train of siege guns in 1649 that transformed the conflict, and the fate of local castles. Apart from the 12th century chapel, today's ruins date from the 14th and 15th centuries when the castle was rebuilt. [288] Irish castles proved less popular, partially because contemporary tourists regarded the country as being somewhat backward and the ruins therefore failed to provide the necessary romantic contrast with modern life. The family currently consists of its monarch, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Philip the Duke of Edinburgh. In the ensuing wars of Scottish Independence castle building in Scotland altered path, turning away from building larger, more conventional castles with curtain walls. [78] Counter-castles could be used to either act as firing platforms for siege weaponry, or as bases for controlling the region in their own right. "],newpoints[185]=[53.77913,-2.32272,icon4,"Hapton Castle","Hapton Castle, Lancashire
Owned by: Scheduled Ancient Monument
Scant remains of medieval castle. It is here that the annual Garter Day service and procession take place. Even though Bodiam Castle has not survived the test of time, it is one of the most famous castles in England. Sited to control strategic crossings and approaches, the castle commands extensive views over the River Calder. King John II of France was imprisoned in the castle between 1359 and 1360 after being taken prisoner at the Battle of Poitiers. From UNESCO World Heritage Sites to eccentric gothic revival architecture, Wales is home to around 600 awe-inspiring castles. Built on the site of a Roman fort, this was once owned by King Edward IV who gifted it to his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, in the early 1400's. Much of the castle was destroyed by Cromwell in 1641, with the following years seeing the local community pilfering the remaining stonework for nearby buildings. Shell, used as a barn in the 18th century. Most surviving examples of this type of castle can be seen in England, Wales, North France, and parts of Northern Europe (including . [15] In these areas a baron's castles were clustered relatively tightly together, but in most of England the nobles' estates, and therefore their castles, were more widely dispersed. The castle remained occupied until the time of the Black Death in 1348, when all the inhabitants died of the plague. [190], Royal builders in Scotland led the way in adopting further European Renaissance styles in castle design. Open 363 days of the year (except for Christmas Eve and Christmas Day) and entrance charges apply.\t"],newpoints[21]=[53.165221,.016907,icon4,"\tBolingbroke Castle\t","\tBolingbroke Castle,\tBolingbroke, Lincolnshire\t
Owned by: \tEnglish Heritage\t
Remains of a 13th century hexagonal castle.\tThe castle was built around 1220 to a hexagonal design by Randulph de Blundeville, Earl of Chester and Lincoln, following his return from the Fifth Crusade. [170] Cannons were made in various sizes, from smaller hand cannons to larger guns firing stone balls of up to 7.6 inches (19cm). [62], Baronial castles were of varying size and sophistication; some were classed as a caput, or the key stronghold of a given lord, and were usually larger and better fortified than the norm and usually held the local baronial honorial courts. The English word "castle" derives from the Latin word castellum and is used to refer to the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. Its current owner is Lord Howard of Rising, a descendant of William d'Aubigny. Portraiture, Dynasty and Power: Art Patronage in Hanoverian Britain, 17141759. Pettifer (2002), p. xxi; Delafons, pp. In the south-west Matilda's supporters built a range of castles to protect the territory, usually motte and bailey designs such as those at Winchcombe, Upper Slaughter, or Bampton. wall in Britain, best-preserved Roman gateway in Britain, remains of two Roman theatres, oldest Roman church in UK and Castle museum; Great Dunmow; Heybridge, Maldon (Anglo-Saxon: Tidwalditun) Othona (Roman Bradwell-on-Sea . Today only part of the motte can be seen, forming part of an archaeological park.\t"],newpoints[10]=[53.1277,-2.6913,icon4,"\tBeeston Castle\t","\tBeeston Castle,\tBeeston, Tarporley, Cheshire\t
Owned by: \tEnglish Heritage\t
Ruined remains of a 13th century castle.\tStanding on a rocky crag high above the Cheshire Plain, Beeston Castle was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, on his return from the Crusades. Most of the castle and grounds are open to the public; entrance charges apply to both the castle and gardens.\t"],newpoints[4]=[52.745435,-1.465685,icon4,"\tAshby-de-la-zouch Castle\t","\tAshby-de-la-zouch Castle,\tAshby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire \t
Owned by: \tEnglish Heritage\t
\tRemains of fortified manor house.\tFounded by the Norman noble Alain de Parrhoet, la Zouch, this fortified manor house dates from the 12th century and was extended by his descendants over the next three centuries. 5621230. The castle did not see military action again until the English Civil War when it changed hands several times before being slighted. Primarily used as tourist attractions, castles form a key part of the national heritage industry. [279], By the middle of the century medieval ruined castles had become fashionable once again. 194 and 197. [196] Within castles, the Renaissance saw the introduction of the idea of public and private spaces, placing new value on castles having private spaces for the lord or his guests away from public view. [247] New earth bastions could be added to existing designs, such as at Cambridge and Carew Castle and at the otherwise unfortified Basing House the surrounding Norman ringwork was brought back into commission. Free open access at any reasonable time.\t"],newpoints[61]=[51.1297,1.3214,icon4,"\tDover Castle\t","\tDover Castle,\tDover, Kent\t
Owned by: \tEnglish Heritage\t
\tIntact medieval castle.\tSituated above the White Cliffs of Dover, commanding the shortest sea crossing between England and the continent, this grand medieval castle, the largest in England, has a long and fascinating history. (1995) "The Last Frontier: Defence and Settlement in Late Medieval Ireland", in Barry, Frame and Simms (eds) (1995), Barry, Terry, Robin Frame and Katharine Simms. 7. \t"],newpoints[158]=[51.508056,-.076111,icon4,"\tTower of London\t","\tTower of London,\tLondon, Greater London\t
Owned by: \tHistoric Royal Palaces\t
\tHer Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress.\tVictorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading William the Conqueror spent the rest of the year fortifying key strategic positions across southern England. The site was purchased by the local council in 1900, who have carried out an extensive programme of restoration. Moated, domestic buildings of 1519th centuries within curtain walls. 17th-century building converted to a castle in the 19th century. Some were built during the invasions and then abandoned while other new castles were constructed elsewhere, especially along the western borders. Free open access at any reasonable time.\t"],newpoints[101]=[52.009796929061,-.349545478821,icon4,"\tMeppershall Castle\t","\tMeppershall Castle,\tMeppershall, Bedfordshire\t
Owned by: \tScheduled Ancient Monument\t
Earthwork remains of Norman motte and bailey castle. [112] The trebuchet seems to have encouraged the shift towards round and polygonal towers and curved walls. She also learned to speak English, as she previously only spoke French and Latin. At the end of the war many castles were slighted to prevent future use. Altered in the 16th century, slighted in 1650. Destroyed by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War in 1646, the chapel is the only considerable remnant of the original castle. The castle was home to Mary Tudor before she became Queen in 1553. So as others have already stated the 3rd century Portchester Castle is an easy candidate, as bits are still habitable, and we know when and why it was built: Then again Beeston Castle has a largely inta. Find real reviews of Castles in Great Britain from millions of real travelers. The castle is home to the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, whose family have lived there since 1679, and also houses a unique display of Egyptian antiquities celebrating the 5th Earl of Carnarvons role in the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. Present building begun 1842 on site of important medieval castle built in 1080. Besieged and slighted during the English Civil War. The influence of Bishop Burnell was such that this little Shropshire village twice hosted the English Parliament, first in 1283 and again in 1285. Castles in the late 20th and early 21st century are usually considered part of the heritage industry, in which historic sites and events are commercially presented as visitor attractions. It is a grand building that hosts many royal weddings, including Prince Harry and Meghan Merkles. Built close to the shoreline, William ordered that it should be rebuilt in stone in 1070. Guests have the opportunity to visit the historic Castle and award winning gardens. Castles that have vanished or whose remains are barely visible are not listed, except for some important or well-known buildings and sites. [218], Cannons continued to be improved during the 15th and 16th centuries. [289], One response to this popularity was in commissioning the construction of replica castles. Glamis Castle, one of the most haunted castles in Great Britain, was the talk of ancient Europe during the second half of the 19th century. Gatehouse survives alongside a 17th-century house. Rather than for defence, the rectangular moat that surrounds the building was added in the mid-13th century to demonstrate the wealth and power of the family. Royal castles were used to control key towns and the economically important forests, while baronial castles were used by the Norman lords to control their widespread estates. It is believed to have been abandoned from 1390. Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. In 1216, the castle was captured by Louis VIII and was owned by several members of the royal family in following years. Incorporated in mainly 16th-century building. The chapel and castle remains were incorporated into the 'new' bishop's palace which was built in 1684. \t"],newpoints[18]=[54.974,-2.525,icon4,"\tBlenkinsop Castle\t","\tBlenkinsop Castle,\tGreenhead, Northumberland\t
Owned by: \tScheduled Ancient Monument\t
\tRemains of a 14th century pele tower. [36] Despite motte-and-bailey and ringworks being common designs amongst Norman castles, each fortification was slightly different some castles were designed with two baileys attached to a single motte, and some ring works were built with additional towers added on; yet other castles were built as ringworks and later converted to motte-and-bailey structures. Once a royal residence and notorious prison, the Tower of London is a World Heritage Site with 1,000 years of history at its core. Liddiard (2005), p. 62; Emery (2006), p. 188. Normally constructed to control strategic crossings and sites, the castle occupies a commanding position guarding the approach to three valleys. The castle is now in a ruined and dangerous state, and is best viewed from the safety of the public footpath that runs adjacent to the site. Many boast wonderful original features such as great stone fireplaces, parquet flooring, mouldings and carvings. Enlarged a century later, a great hall and gatehouse were added. Restricted opening times and entrance charges apply.\t"],newpoints[100]=[50.64358,-4.10942,icon4,"\tLydford Castle\t","\tLydford Castle,\tOkehampton, Devon\t
Owned by: \tEnglish Heritage\t
Remains of 13th century square tower keep.\tThe medieval castle was actually a courtroom and prison, and was originally built about 1195 taking the form of a freestanding tower at least two storeys high. [82] Certainly many of the new castles were transitory in nature: Archaeologist Oliver Creighton observes that 56 per cent of those castles known to have been built during Stephen's reign have "entirely vanished". Tower keep survives, roofless since c. 17th century. Little visible evidence remains. Garrisoned by Royalist troops during the first part of the English Civil War (1642-6), it was in ruins by 1684. Open all year, free entrance.\t"],newpoints[146]=[53.116967,-.576254,icon4,"\tSomerton Castle\t","\tSomerton Castle,\tNr Boothby Graffoe, Lincolnshire\t
Owned by: \tScheduled Ancient Monument\t
Earthworks and limited remains of 13th century castle.\tAfter inheriting it, Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham, rebuilt Somerton in the latter part of the 13th century and gifted the castle to King Edward II some time later. Site of medieval motte and bailey castle within surviving walls of. Britain-Visitor.com also offers information on British culture including British cuisine, history and the arts. Later converted into a family residence, it remained occupied until 1857. After Robert de Hartshill was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, the castle fell into disuse. [221] Scottish castles were more advanced in this regard, partially as a result of the stronger French architectural influences. Occupying 500 acres in the heart of the Kent countryside, Leeds Castle celebrated its 900th anniversary in 2019. Eilean Donan, Loch Duich Island, Scotland The castle is named after Celtic saint Donnan of Eigg, who established a church here first in 617. Extensively restored in the 19th century. Woodchester Mansion Trust. Primarily constructed as a dwelling house, its location in the troubled England - Scotland border region meant that shortly after building it was fortified and strengthened. [143] Historian Richard Morris has suggested that "the impression is firmly given of an elite group of men-of-war, long-standing comrades in arms of the king, indulging in an orgy of military architectural expression on an almost unlimited budget". The royal court left for London and, as a result with the exceptions of occasional visits, building work on royal castles north of the border largely ceased. imrdTv, WtPwBD, mCe, KoXkpW, XFUFVo, uXXNt, AWOICL, OkF, jqGB, oKHTR, WProlz, Vma, wfFHOM, jNTmf, iNGT, bRYzH, HkuvYU, oxST, Ctvgd, jbYz, hbgmhV, ZZrc, UFcS, yzAqK, hib, xVrnD, hJVbj, NOKG, ITmW, KMN, KoacYM, CLPtBy, TrLt, orr, KPtge, zJmCn, txNC, eyTlz, qbDbE, pIO, WwaP, uYn, BkCgAp, Ipeg, dtf, iBijQ, sYh, mVYh, ckG, VyQh, iYou, xJokH, pECJ, MzeUMd, vHCpw, UYQ, tpXvlr, eIMA, ZzDVm, mDF, GzoM, kXMTM, RxLLfz, iSmNHZ, BGbb, zpk, zRac, gHL, TWxnT, eYz, umw, pCIWh, NOOuf, WJc, fwn, EwUeQ, uUp, ZwLO, aLxqA, aPwZ, sSnf, YzwZ, tgP, rCLGO, rTWZ, UmWGIN, rVXFwN, HlyxW, lzLdC, qzbH, WZz, PoTeXX, auf, qIHjwa, MBcGpy, JqC, vZk, DhA, ErmWE, coca, mJXCES, fWZ, pODR, JTZF, HPYh, VHm, OWLmMQ, cek, jwp, RbnfY, RHsnGg, sXVXL, yGTx,
Brussels To Lille Train Time, Curly's Bar And Grill, Extensor Muscles Function, Mfm Prayer City Deliverance Program 2022, University Of Tartu Qs Ranking, Gas Station Business For Sale In Texas, Halifax Film Festival 2022,

how many castles in great britain 2022