The term Persophone might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian. As Indo-European languages, English and Persian have many words of common Proto-Indo-European origin, and many of these cognate words often have similar forms. Thus, from the 5th-century-bce historian Herodotus, the Median word for female dog (spaka), Old Persian was the language of the Achaemenid court. [111] Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. No problem, in Glosbe you will find a English - Old Persian (ca. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions . Nicholas Sims-Williams, "The Iranian Languages", in Steever, Sanford (ed.) [23], The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, Buyids, Tahirids, Ziyarids, the Mughal Empire, Timurids, Ghaznavids, Karakhanids, Seljuqs, Khwarazmians, the Sultanate of Rum, Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia, Delhi Sultanate, the Shirvanshahs, Safavids, Afsharids, Zands, Qajars, Khanate of Bukhara, Khanate of Kokand, Emirate of Bukhara, Khanate of Khiva, Ottomans, and also many Mughal successors such as the Nizam of Hyderabad. Old Persian was the Iranian language spoken by the ruling class of the Achaemenid Empire, probably reflecting the Southwest Iranian dialect of Persis (see Persia ). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the Muslim conquest of Persia, since then adopting the Arabic script. The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods: As a written language, Old Persian is attested in royal Achaemenid inscriptions. Continue Reading 16 1 Sponsored by RAID: Shadow Legends Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns, and adjectives. There are also some studies that consider quality and quantity to be both active in the Iranian system (such as Toosarvandani 2004). English suffix -er, viz. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in . This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Farsi is spoken today primarily in Iran and Afghanistan, but was historically a more widely understood language in an area ranging from the Middle East to India. Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. [96] Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which Kurdish and Balochi are the most widely spoken. 600-400 B.C.) [92] Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in Punjab through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the Sikh Empire, preceding British conquest and the decline of Persian in South Asia.[93][94][95]. Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), 23-25 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. Modern Persian is most closely related to Middle and Old Persian, former languages of the region of Frs (Persia) in southwestern Iran. pp.1719. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian script were banned in the country.[130][134]. [99] Nevertheless, the Encyclopdia Iranica notes that the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist.[100]. [66], According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in Southwestern Iran (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash, who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Frs province. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription, dating to the time of King Darius I (reigned 522486 BC). After the Arab conquest of Persia, it took approximately 200 years before Persians adopted the Arabic script in place of the older alphabet. Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125168. The inclusion of Mongolic and Turkic elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned,[120] not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. It is most commonly used in chat, emails, and SMS applications. The dominant ethnic groups among the . , . The following text is from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Written in Arabic characters, Modern Persian also has many Arabic loanwords and an extensive literature. Early New Persian had a series of five long vowels (/i/, /u/, //, /o/, and /e/) along with three short vowels //, /i/, and /u/. see Indo-European Languages Table. Ancient Persian lexicon & the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated, by Herbert Cushing Tolman (1908), Guide to the Old Persian inscriptions by Herbert Cushing Tolman (1893), Some critical and supplementary notes to his guide to old Persian inscriptions, Die altpersischen Keilinschriften im Grundtexte mit bersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, by Friedrich von Spiegel (1862), Die Keilinschriften der Achmeniden by Franz Heinrich Weissbach (1911), Graeco-Persian names by Alvin Stonecipher (1918), Old Persian keyboard to type a text with the Old Persian cuneiforms, Introduction to Old Persian by Prods Oktor Skjrv (2002), Old Persian, grammar, texts, lexicon, by Roland Kent (1950), Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language by Edwin Lee Johnson (1917), Grammar of the Old Persian with the inscriptions of the Achmenian kings & vocabulary, by Herbert Cushing Tolman (1892), Grammaire du vieux perse: Old Persian grammar, by Antoine Meillet & mile Benveniste (1931), tudes iraniennes: studies about the historical grammar of the Persian language, by James Darmesteter (1883), II (studies about the language, literature, beliefs in Ancient Persia), Les langues perdues de la Perse: the lost languages of Persia, by Joachim Mnant (1885), Handbuch der altiranischen Dialekte: compared grammar of Iranian dialects & glossary, by Christian Bartolomae (1883), Books about Old Persian: Google books & Internet archive, Achaemenid royal inscriptions with translation, Old Persian texts transliterated with translation, The Persian cuneiform inscription at Behistun decyphered and translated by Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (1846), Memoir on cuneiform inscriptions, vocabulary of the Ancient Persian language, Iran & Persia: maps, heritage & documents, The Old Persian is the language of the Achaemenid Empire (6, the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions, im Grundtexte mit bersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, with the inscriptions of the Achmenian kings, vocabulary of the Ancient Persian language, Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language, The Persian cuneiform inscription at Behistun. The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. Translations from dictionary English - Old Persian (ca. [42] The phonemic shift from /p/ to /f/ is due to the influence of Arabic in the Middle Ages, and is because of the lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The top 4 are: median language, behistun inscription, iranian languages and western iranian languages. Old Persian, the Indoeuropean language of old Persia, since around 1000 BC, ancestor of the modern language of Iran: Sortable list. It uses tgk for Tajik, separately. [64][65] Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which is attested in original texts. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the Sassanid era (224651 AD) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivation of the Cyrillic script. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription, dating to the time of King Darius I (reigned 522-486 BC). It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature. However, in Dari, the archaic distinction of /e/ and /i/ (respectively known as Y-ye majhl and Y-ye ma'rf) is still preserved as well as the distinction of /o/ and /u/ (known as Ww-e majhl and Ww-e ma'rf). Mithra, in English, is a member of the trinity of ahuras and truth. Below is a massive list of old persian words - that is, words related to old persian. The Bengal Sultanate witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. This is Andy from I love languages. [76], The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan. "Farsi" redirects here. Following the Turko-Persian Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. [83] The Ottomans, who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. This letter is no longer used, as the //-sound changed to /b/, e.g. Historically, Persian distinguished length. For example, take a look at the origin of the following words: "pajama," "khaki," "jasmine," and "bazaar." The term Persophone might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word r and precedes prepositional phrases: (S) (O + r) (PP) V.[112]. You can see not only the translation of the phrase you are searching for, but also how it is translated depending on the context. The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name Academy of Iran. Old Persian Avi Bachenheimer 2018-10-04 In 7 chapters, the author presents an account of the Old Persian language that encompasses its corpus, glossary and concordance. tense: present, imperfect, aorist (rare), perfect (extremely rare), periphrastic perfect. [71][73] The region, which comprised the present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Old Persian: [noun] an ancient Iranian language known from cuneiform inscriptions from the sixth and fifth centuries b.c. Glosbe is a community based project created by people just like you. Persian language, also called Frs, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. [47][48] Officially, the official language of Iran is designated simply as Persian (, frsi). Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubiyt of Omar Khayym, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, The Divn of Hafez, The Conference of the Birds by Attar of Nishapur, and the miscellanea of Gulistan and Bustan by Saadi Shirazi, are written in Persian. [2][15] It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan,[16][17][18] as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. [78] In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model: Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai, Dobhashi, and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian. Seraji, Mojgan, Beta Megyesi, and Joakim Nivre. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. [71] The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224651). The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has maintained that the endonym Farsi is to be avoided in foreign languages, and that Persian is the appropriate designation of the language in English, as it has the longer tradition in western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity. The Old Persian characters are inscribed in Syllabary. Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was Avestan, the language of the Zoroastrian liturgical texts. At Bsitn are also inscribed versions of the same text in, Old Persian, Pahlavis predecessor, had singular, dual, and plural number. These correspond to three historical eras of Iranian history; Old era being sometime around the Achaemenid Empire (i.e., 400300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially around the Sasanian Empire, and New era being the period afterward down to present day. [78], "Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of medieval Persia used in literature and poetry. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. e.g. 600-400 B.C. The Hazaragi dialect (in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan), Herati (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), Basseri (in Southern Iran), and the Tehrani accent (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the Turkic, Armenian, Georgian, and Indo-Aryan languages. Middle Persian developed the ezfe construction, expressed through (modern e/ye), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility. A picture is worth more than a thousand words. Considered as a preserver of covenants, it protects and keeps all aspects of interpersonal relationships, such as love and friendship. Old Persian was spoken in southwestern Persia, an area known as Persis, and belongs to the Iranian branch or the Indo-Aryan family of languages. According to most studies on the subject (e.g. In Glosbe you will find not only translations from the English-Old Persian (ca. (1993), Jackson, A. V. Williams. [82] They adopted the Persian language as the official language of the empire. [92] Employed by Punjabis in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the Arabic script. pres. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopdia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. [87] In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and was taught in state schools.[88]. With our list of 22 common Farsi words and phrases, you can start off strong and communicate easily with locals. Persian (/prn, -n/), also known by its endonym Farsi (, Frs, [fsi] (listen)), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. [66] Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many Arabic, Russian, French, and Greek loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time. How many words are in the Persian language total? In the 19th century, under the Qajar dynasty, the dialect that is spoken in Tehran rose to prominence. [90] A Bengali dialect emerged among the common Bengali Muslim folk, based on a Persian model and known as Dobhashi; meaning mixed language. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The language was written in Cuneiform, the wedge-shaped characters used throughout much of the . You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. Between the old and new Iranian languages lies the Middle Iranian group. The Old Persian is the language of the Achaemenid Empire (6 th -4 th century BC). has something to do with old persian, then it's obviously a good idea to use concepts or words to do with old persian. During the 18th century many new inscriptions were reported; especially important were those. [57][58] Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian."[59]. The beginning of the middle period may be placed at the beginning of the Parthian era (c. 350 BC). As a written language, Old Persian is attested in royal Achaemenid inscriptions. Verbs Voices Active, Middle (them. [19][20] It originated in the region of Pars (Persia) in southwestern Iran. [116][117] Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life. From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called Pahlavi, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. in the decipherment of ancient Persian cuneiform script. Glosbe dictionaries are unique. Answer (1 of 3): There are many Persian words that can be traced to middle Persian and Old Persian. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. One of the main differences between the writing systems of these languages is that Old Persian is a semi-alphabet while Elamite and Akkadian were syllabic. Online Old Persian keyboard to type a text with the cuneiforms harv error: no target: CITEREFSkjaervo2006 (. [85] It was a major literary language in the empire. In fact, the New Persian is just the continuum of Middle Persian. We also need to hear what the phrase or sentence sounds like. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation", Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects, Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, "A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali", "TAJIK iii. For the first time, the book provides a dictionary of every single cuneiform term that is attested in the Old Persian language and it contains a Steve Anderson: Tom Metzger & WAR: The Race is On and it Looks Like Heartaches. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and lingua franca under the "Persianized" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries. Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975-1019. In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Old Persian (ca. Modern Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian are written using the Persian alphabet which is a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet, which uses different pronunciation and additional letters not found in Arabic language. [113], Normal declarative sentences are structured as (S) (PP) (O) V: sentences have optional subjects, prepositional phrases, and objects followed by a compulsory verb. 600-400 B.C.) Middle Persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as Old Persian. Description: Old Persian, the Indoeuropean language of old Persia, since around 1000 BC, ancestor of the modern language of Iran: Old Persian Origin; Old Persian Words; Word Language Translations Name Groups; a: Old Persian: un (negation, like in e.g. For inquiries please contact info@aspirantum.com Check Upcoming Persian Language Courses Persian Language Semester Program and Internship, from Jan 15, 2023 to May 06, 2023 (16 weeks) Texts & Inscriptions Achaemenid royal inscriptions with translation the Behistun inscription Old Persian texts transliterated with translation The Persian cuneiform inscription at Behistun decyphered and translated by Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (1846) Old Persian is considered to be a Western Iranian language, while the . Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by Russian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia,[130][131] is written with the Cyrillic script in Tajikistan (see Tajik alphabet). His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. [82] For five centuries prior to the British colonization, Persian was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. , That's about all the old persian related words we've got! [53], In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). person and number: Old Persian distinguished three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural). If you're looking for names related to old persian (e.g. [41] In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym Prs ("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in south-western Iran (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian . Dari Persian thus supplanted Parthian language, which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN", "Vowel system of Contemporary Iranian Persian", "Persian computational morphology: A unification-based approach", "Persian vs Arabic All the Similarities and Differences", "ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with old persian, and as you go down the relatedness becomes more slight. For example, a ammah is pronounced [~u], while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced [o]. 600-400 B.C.) Iranian Persian has six vowels and twenty-three consonants; both Dari and Tajiki have eight vowels.[106]. The book A Dictionary of the Pukkhto Or Pukshto Language, in Which the Words Are Traced to Their Sources in the Indian And Persian Languages was written by author Bellew, Henry Walter, 1834-1892. in the 20th century. We provide not only dictionary English - Old Persian (ca. The results below obviously aren't all going to be applicable for the actual name of your pet/blog/startup/etc., but hopefully they get your mind working and help you see the links between various concepts. archaic /zan/ > /zbn/ 'language'[132]. coming from various sources. The term Dari, meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital Ctesiphon, which was spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of Parthia (Parthian). [23] Old Persian is attested in Old Persian cuneiform on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Please, add new entries to the dictionary. Middle Persian (also called Pahlavi) is a further development of Old Persian. It is preserved in documents in a cuneiform script superficially modeled on Mesopotamian (Sumero-Akkadian) writing and first used under Darius I in the late 6th century bce. Sahranavard, Neda, and Jerry Won Lee. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional lingua franca, a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century. Persians, at least originally, spoke Old Persian, a southwestern dialect of Iranian (Median was a northwestern Iranian dialect), and were a nonliterate society. The only preserved Dual form is ajvatam 'both lived'. Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second. spoken in northeastern Iran, and Old Persian (an extinct West Iranian language) is known to have been used in southwestern Iran. [33][34], Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision. Mitr (mi-tra) / truth This word dates back to Zoroastrianism. Farsi, also known as Persian Language, is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages. Scattered examples of Old Persian inscriptions were reported back to Europe by western travelers in Persia since the 17th century, and the name cuneiform was first applied to the script by Engelbert Kmpfer (c. 1700). Old Persian stems: a-stems (-a, -am, -) i-stems (-i, iy) u- (and au-) stems (-u, -uv) consonantal stems (n, r, h) Adjectives are declinable in similar way. L. Paul (2005), "The Language of the Shahnameh in historical and dialectical perspective", p. 150: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian. [citation needed] After Naser ed Din Shah, Mozaffar ed Din Shah ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903. unable) Anahita: ahit: Old Persian: unclean: Anahita: arda: Modern Persian is a continuation of Middle Persian, an official language of the Sasanian Empire (224651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was used in the Achaemenid Empire (550330 BCE). However, there are exceptions to this rule, and in some words, and are merged into the diphthongs [e] and [o] (which are descendants of the diphthongs [] and [] in Early New Persian), instead of merging into /i/ and /u/. 600-400 B.C. In other words, in Persian, pronouns are gender neutral. However, the name Persian is still more widely used. dictionary, but also audio recordings and high-quality computer readers. Welcome to my channel! [66] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. from the northeast). 600-400 B.C.) Previously, two different scripts were used, Pahlavi, used for Middle Persian, and the Avestan alphabet (in Persian, Dndapirak, or Din Dabireliterally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the Avestan but sometimes for Middle Persian. Persian frequently uses derivational agglutination to form new words from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. Updates? [22], Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. I created this for educational purposes to spre. The period of the reign of Sultan Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah, is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. [39] This association officially declared that it used Persian and Arabic as acceptable sources for coining words. The second page of analysis listed several problems with the mummy's inscription that led the scholar to believe that its author wrote in a manner inconsistent with Old Persian. In these records of the 9th century BCE, Parsuwash (along with Matai, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of Lake Urmia in the records of Shalmaneser III. If, by saying "old language", we understand a language that has an old literary tradition, then yes, Persian is a very old language. World Englishes (2020). European Language Resources Association, 2012. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. [21] Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages. Name. "The Persianization of English in multilingual Tehran." (in. 600-400 B.C.) "New Persian" (also referred to as Modern Persian) is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.
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