Periodic WTO reviews could ensure these roadmaps are followed. [92] See, for example, (1) the EUs NDC, which calls for a 40 percent domestic reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to its 1990 level (Submission by Latvia and the European Commission on Behalf of the European Union and Its Member States, March 6, 2015, accessed December 31, 2019, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/European%20Union%20First/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf); (2) Japans NDC, which calls for a 26 percent reduction by 2030 compared to its 2013 level (Submission of Japans Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, July 17, 2017, accessed December 31, 2019, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Japan%20First/20150717_Japan's%20INDC.pdf); and (3) even the NDC of the United States (which still remains in effect, pending the withdrawal of the United States from the agreement), which calls for a reduction in GHG emissions of 26-28 percent in 2025 as compared to its 2005 level (U.S. But the WTO does not define'developed' or 'developing', leaving it to individual members to self-declare their status. Asia Society Museum: The Asia Arts & Museum Network. This has included a rise in coal chemical development, permission to build numerous greenfield coal-fired power plants, and less stringent requirements on switching from coal to gas. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-combine-wrapper .views-widget 12,535 per capita. In the OECD, coal only represented 15 percent of the energy mix and 26 percent of power generation. As Chinas leadership integrates an increasingly higher percentage of these younger people, its policies and practices can be expected to undergo profound change. MF is often blamed for enabling public debt, balance of payments deficits, and runaway inflation. Chinas position as a hybrid superpower will affect the domestic and international energy landscapes, including energy markets worldwide, domestic energy choices, and the energy investments and strategies of other developing countries. It presents an unprecedented situation for global affairs since the advent of the developing/developed classification that took root with the establishment in the 1940s of the World Bank: it is the worlds only hybrid superpower. The research paper provides insights for analysts and policymakers into the challenges presented for China and the international community in analyzing the drivers of Chinas national energy policies and international implications. .channel-4779 .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-banner .group-left .cee { For example, Chinas energy efficiency requirements and consumer preferences will have product design and energy demand impacts that stretch beyond its shores. border: none; } left: 0; It articulates some of the structural and other factors likely to heavily influence Chinas behavior on energy and related climate issues, with profound implications for the rest of the world. A developing country is one with comparatively low economic output. For instance, much of Chinas economic growth is concentrated in the countrys coastal areas. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-body-value-wrapper .views-widget { I lived in Beijing for 6 months, and I was deeply impressed with the level of infrastructure development, especially in the inner city, where the wealthy elite families of Beijing live. China is projected to increase its generating capacity by about 1,200 GW by 2030, the size of the U.S. generating fleet; this will involve major increases in gas, nuclear, solar, and wind capacity. But the WTO does not definedeveloped or developing, leaving it to individual members to self-declare their status. NBS Database, accessed June 6, 2020, http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ and World Bank DataBank, accessed June 6, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PT-GT. China exhibits several of the conditions that tie higher energy demand to economic growth in middle-income (and specifically wealthier upper-middle-income) countries. Last year China announced it had eradicated poverty, and a few years from now, it will officially be a high-income country. [11] Data available at https://data.worldbank.org/. margin-top: 8px; South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Russia are examples of other countries that also combined both types of attributes at certain stages in their development. width: calc(100%); Of course, China is a special developing country, primarily because of its size. .view-distinguished-visiting-fellows .view-content [25] The OECD level for 2018 was $40,007. height: 100%; #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-body-value-wrapper label { -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; [58] IQAir, Worlds Most Polluted Cities 2019 (PM2.5), accessed June 11, 2020, https://www.iqair.com/world-most-polluted-cities. Empowered by its massive economic resources, China has also become a leader in overseas investments and a major provider of foreign development finance for energy. Reliable statistics are the foundation of sound energy decision-making. More countries may also resist giving China the preferential treatment offered to developing countries in future multilateral agreements. A countrys HDI is calculated using four measurement categories: mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and GNI per capita. There is no universal consensus as to what constitutes a developed country, or what can be defined as a developing country. [110] More than 64 percent of its major cities still did not meet national air quality standards in 2018. The Senate has ratified a global agreement to sharply phase down climate-warming hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) often used as refrigerants, conditioned on a requirement that the State Department ask the international body overseeing the treaty to remove China from the list of developing countries that receive financial aid for the transition. China is the largest developing country in the world. Power, Crossroads [CDATA[/* >