Rudrasena I, Huvishka (c. 151 c. 190)[t 4] Shaka (c. 305 335)[t 4], Yasodaman II Coin of Sasanian ruler, For example, the 12th century historical chronicle from. ", Parthamaspates of Parthia, a client of Rome and ruler of the kingdom of Osroene, is known to have traded with the Kushan Empire, goods being sent by sea and through the Indus River.[133]. In retaliation, they marched on Ban Chao in AD 90 with a force of 70,000 but were defeated by the smaller Chinese force. [note 3]. The Kushans became affluent through trade, particularly with Rome, as their large issues of gold coins show. He is also credited (along with Raja Dab) for building the massive, ancient Fort at Bathinda (Qila Mubarak), in the modern city of Bathinda, Indian Punjab. Kushan Empire is one of the most interesting Dynasties which ruled over the land of Jammu & Kashmir. Who was the ruler of Kushan dynasty? Cloudflare Ray ID: 767935b3b97b9231 The capital of his empire was Purushpura (Peshawar). Requested URL: byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-kushana-empire/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. Kozana The Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Aksumite Empire and the Han dynasty of China. Masson, V. M. "The Forgotten Kushan Empire: New Discoveries at Zar-Tepe.". There is also some evidence that Huvishka himself was a follower of Mahayana Buddhism. The Yuezhi reached the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, located in northern Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, around 135 BCE, and displaced the Greek dynasties that resettled to the southeast in areas of the Hindu Kush and the Indus basin, in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. He was the predecessor of Vima Kadphises, and Kanishka I. "; "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 9 November 2022, at 13:24. Although philosophy, art, and science developed within its borders, the only textual record we have of the Kushan Empires history comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages, particularly Chinese. Visvasimha, Miratakhma Numismatic evidence shows that Kujula Kadphises continued to imitate posthumous types of coinage of the last Indo-Greek ruler in central Afghanistan. He was a great patron of Buddhism. In 78 CE, he established the Shaka period, which is being used by the Indian government today. 1901. They invaded India in the [] These coins contained more than thirty different gods, belonging mainly to their own Iranian, as well as Greek and Indian worlds as well. Fan Ye's Book of Later Han "relates how the chief of the Kushans, Ch'iu-shiu-ch'ueh (the Kujula Kadphises of coins), founded by means of the submission of the other Yueh-chih clans the Kushan Empire. [citation needed], Vima Kadphises added to the Kushan territory by his conquests in Bactria. Ardashir II (?-245), Peroz I, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 265) "[48], The earliest documented ruler, and the first one to proclaim himself as a Kushan ruler, was Heraios. [55] The name Guishuang was adopted in the West and modified into Kushan to designate the confederation, although the Chinese continued to call them Yuezhi. The name Kushan derives from the Chinese term Guishang, used in historical writings to describe one branch of the Yuezhia loose confederation of Indo-European people who had been living in northwestern China until they were driven west by . Several direct depictions of Kushans are known from Gandhara, where they are represented with a tunic, belt and trousers and play the role of devotees to the Buddha, as well as the Bodhisattva and future Buddha Maitreya. Your IP: "The Yu'eh-chih and their migrations". American Journal of Philology, vol. There were 4 capitals for Kushans, one at Purushapura or Pushkalavati (near modern Peshawar) in North-West and the others at Taxila, Begram, which was the summer capital and Mathura, which was the winter capital. Under the rule of the Kushans, northwest India and adjoining regions participated both in seagoing trade and in commerce along the Silk Road to China. [123][124][125] The coinage of the Kushans was copied as far as the Kushano-Sasanians in the west, and the kingdom of Samatata in Bengal to the east. Then in the mid-4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta. Provided by: Wikimedia. [62], Northward, in the 1st century AD, the Kujula Kadphises sent an army to the Tarim Basin to support the city-state of Kucha, which had been resisting the Chinese invasion of the region, but they retreated after minor encounters. Who was the greatest ruler of the Kushana dynasty where was his capital? [60] According to Chinese chronicles, the Kushans (referred to as Da Yuezhi in Chinese sources) requested, but were denied, a Han princess, even though they had sent presents to the Chinese court. Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of Kanishka's era suggest his reign extended from at least AD 191 to 225. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeYuezhi. Central Asia, Tibet, Western China Where did the Kushan spread Mahayana Buddhism to (example of cultural diffusion)? [131], Some Kushan coins have an effigy of "Roma", suggesting a strong level of awareness and some level of diplomatic relations.[131]. There was Kushan influence on coinage in Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan. The western Kushans in Afghanistan were soon conquered by the Persian Sassanid Empire. It used the Kharosthi script, which is derived from the Aramaic script, and it died out about in the 4th century CE. Revisions and additions by History Guild. [citation needed], the prince [elavoor] of Guishuang, named thilac [Kujula Kadphises], attacked and exterminated the four other xihou. Located at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire. Rudrasimha I Provided by: Wikipedia. The Kushan are a race that lived on Kharak. Kushan control fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms as the Sassanians attacked from the west and the Guptas attacked from the east, collapsing the Kushan Empire around 375 CE. The Kushan dynasty was a branch of the Yueh-chi, a nomadic group of people who inhabited territories near Dunhuang. Rajgir : Initial capital of the Magadha Empire from 6th century BCE to 460 BCE, called Girivraj at the time. Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains. The Kushans were instrumental in spreading Buddhism in Central Asia and China and in developing Mahayana Buddhism and the Gandhara and Mathura schools of art. Sims-Williams, Nicholas. ", Vima Kadphises (Kushan language: ) was a Kushan emperor from around AD 95127, the son of Sadashkana and the grandson of Kujula Kadphises, and the father of Kanishka I, as detailed by the Rabatak inscription. At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, into northern India. Hormizd I, "Kushanshah" (c. 265 295), Vsishka (c. 247 267)[t 4] The art and culture of Gandhara, at the crossroads of the Kushan hegemony, developed the traditions of Greco-Buddhist art and are the best known expressions of Kushan influences to Westerners. ; Pataliputra: Capital of the following:; Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Gupta Empire Pala Empire. Turkmenistan was known for the Kushan Buddhist city of Merv. Map of Kushan Empire. He issued gold coins in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Complete Step by Step Answer Kanishka, known as the great king of the Kushan Dynasty, ruled over Northern Part of India, Afghanistan and some areas of Central Asia. The regions of the Tarim Basin were all ultimately conquered by Ban Chao. Rife, J. L. "The Making of Roman India by Grant Parker (review)." They were the first recorded promoters of Hinayana and Mahayana scriptures in China, greatly contributing to the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism. Kushan Dynasty Art The Kushan dynasty followed Asoka's Mauryan regime as an artistically vivid and powerful empire due to its prominent role in securing India's position within the wider Asian context. [36] Many scholars believe that the Yuezhi were a people of Indo-European origin. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ajp.2014.0046. Provided by: Boundless.com. In the mid-4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under its leader, Samudragupta. [citation needed]. Located at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism. During the 1st and 2nd century AD, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north, putting them at the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce. Provided by: Wikipedia. A hundred years later the Kushan chief Kujula Kadphises (Qiu Jiuque) secured the political unification of the Yuezhi kingdom under himself. Kushan dynasty, Kushan also spelled Kusana, ruling line descended from the Yuezhi, a people that ruled over most of the northern Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia during the first three centuries of the Common Era. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He issued an extensive series of coins and inscriptions. These conquests included parts of the northern central Iranian Plateau, once ruled by the Parthian Empire a major political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq. South Asian Studies, 23(1), 3137, Gupta inscriptions using the term "Dinara" for money: No 5-9, 62, 64 in, Joe Cribb, 1974, "Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions in Coin Hoards" pp.768, Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, Boris Abramovich; Zamir Safi, M. H. ", Enoki, K.; Koshelenko, G. A.; Haidary, Z. The Kushan were a powerful empire divided into extended families called Kiithid, centered on . [139], The Eastern Kushan kingdom, also known as the "Little Kushans", was based in the Punjab. He is infamous for his persecution of Buddhists. During the glorious period of their regime the kingdom of Kashmir was for the most part an appanage of the Buddhists who had acquired lustre by renunciation. The empire is located to the far east of the Holy See nations. [62], Kushan invasions in the 1st century AD had been given as an explanation for the migration of Indians from the Indian Subcontinent toward Southeast Asia according to proponents of a Greater India theory by 20th-century Indian nationalists. It is still unclear whether the Western Satraps were independent rulers or vassals of the Kushan Empire (30-375 CE). [137], The Sasanians deposed the Western dynasty and replaced them with Persian vassals known as the Kushanshas (in Bactrian on their coinage: KAN A Koshano Shao)[138] also called Indo-Sasanians or Kushano-Sasanians. [52] In these portrayals, the Yuezhis are shown with a majestic demeanour, whereas the Sakas are typically represented with side-whiskers, and more or less grotesque facial expressions. The Kushanas are one of the five branches of the Yuezhi tribe that lived along the Chinese border or in Central Asia. A direct road from the Kushan Empire and China, as well as the security offered by the Kushan Empire, facilitated trade with the Roman Empire, Sassanid Persia, Aksumite Empire, and Han China. [147] They probably maintained control until the rise of the Kidarites under their ruler Kidara. On their coins they used Greek language legends combined with Pali legends (in the Kharoshthi script), until the first few years of the reign of Kanishka. And after Vasudeva, petty Kushan princes ruled for sometime in northwestern India after which the empire faded away. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE. . Faccenna, Domenico (1980). Rudradaman II He ruled from 127 to 151 CE. [122], The coinage of the Kushans was abundant and an important tool of propaganda in promoting each Kushan ruler. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeKhunjerab Pass. [67][note 5][68][69] The Buddhist text rdharmapiakanidnastraknown via a Chinese translation made in AD 472refers to the conquest of Pataliputra by Kanishka. The Kushan Empire (Ancient Greek: ; Bactrian: , Kushano; Sanskrit: ; Brahmi: , Ku--a; BHS: Gua-vaa; Parthian: , Kuan-xar; Chinese: Gu-shung[15]) was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. [143], Numimastics indicate that the coinage of the Eastern Kushans was much weakened: silver coinage was abandoned altogether, and gold coinage was debased. Located at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Sasanians. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The empire was very large and penetrated deep into northern India. This period dates approximately from 30-375 AD and is known best for various cultural influences. [citation needed], Vsishka was a Kushan emperor who seems to have had a 20-year reign following Kanishka II. The Kushans ruled from first to second century AD, extending its reach to each and every corner of the valley. [48] Archaeological structures are known in Takht-i Sangin, Surkh Kotal (a monumental temple), and in the palace of Khalchayan. The Kushans were most probably one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation,[22][23] an Indo-European nomadic people of possible Tocharian origin,[24][25][26][27][28] who migrated from northwestern China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and settled in ancient Bactria. [15][43] Some later Indian literary sources referred to the Kushans as Turushka, a name which in later Sanskrit sources[note 4] was confused with Turk, "probably due to the fact that Tukharistan passed into the hands of the western Turks in the seventh century". Kanishka was the greatest king of the Kushan dynasty that ruled over the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and possibly areas of Central Asia north of the Kashmir region. [citation needed]. The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long-distance trade, brought Chinese silks to Rome, and created strings of flourishing urban centers. Chinese chronicles relate battles between the Kushans and the Chinese general Ban Chao. [107] Between the mid-1st century and the mid-3rd century, Buddhism, patronized by the Kushans, extended to China and other Asian countries through the Silk Road. [122], Kanishka II:Statue of Hariti from Skarah Dheri, Gandhara, "Year 399" of the Yavana era (AD 244). [69] The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire. The empire was very large and penetrated deep into northern India. 138.201.209.250 His main capital was Peshawar, then known as Purushpura. The Iranian entities depicted on coinage include: Representation of entities from Greek mythology and Hellenistic syncretism are: The Indic entities represented on coinage include:[95], Kushan worshipper with Zeus/Serapis/Ohrmazd, Bactria, 3rd century AD. His son, Yangaozhen [probably Vema Tahk (tu) or, possibly, his brother Sadakaa ], became king in his place. These coins, which exhibit the figures of Greek, Roman, Iranian, Hindu, and Buddhist deities and bear inscriptions in adapted Greek letters, are witness to the toleration and to the syncretism in religion and art that prevailed in the Kushan empire. 2nd century B.C.3rd century A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History", "Ancient Iran: The movement of Iranian peoples", "On the origin of the Kushans with reference to numismatic and anthropological data", "Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)", "The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2", "Bactrian Documents from Ancient Afghanistan", "The Stpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great", "Panel fragment with the god Shiva/Oesho", "Two Curious Kidarite Coin Types From 3th Century Kashmir", The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69, Eastern Kushans, Kidarines in Gandhara ans Kashmir, and Later Hephthalites, "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies", New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating, The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins, Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire, imalayan and Central Asian Studies: Journal of Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation Volume 5 Issue 2, BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&oldid=1120908436, Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles containing Bactrian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Parthian-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021, Articles needing additional references from February 2021, All articles needing additional references, Pages with login required references or sources, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Two copper coins of Huvishka bear a 'Ganesa' legend, but instead of depicting the typical. Three-headed iva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage. [citation needed], Kanishka is renowned in Buddhist tradition for having convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. Qiujiuque (Kujula Kadphises) was more than eighty years old when he died. The rule of Kanishka, the third Kushan emperor who flourished from the late first to the early/mid-second century A.D., was administered from two capitals: Purushapura (now Peshawar) near the Khyber Pass, and Mathura in northern India. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Kushan dynasty was founded by kujula kadphises (30 ad- 80 ad) Vim kadphises (95 ad-127 ad) was the sucsessor of kujula kadphises. They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they allied with the Han dynasty general Ban Chao against the Sogdians in 84, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of Kashgar. He had second capital in Mathura. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeKanishka. 3, 2015, pp. J.-C. environ)", "Kushan Empire (ca. For the fictional video game race, see, A map of India in the 2nd century AD showing the extent of the Kushan Empire (in yellow) during the reign of. Following these interactions, cultural exchanges further increased, and Kushan Buddhist missionaries, such as Lokaksema, became active in the Chinese capital cities of Luoyang and sometimes Nanjing, where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan into northern India. . "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese.". [citation needed], Huvishka (Kushan: , "Ooishki") was a Kushan emperor from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 150) until the succession of Vasudeva I about thirty years later. During his ascent to the throne, the Kushan Empire ruled Afghanistan, Gandhara, Sind, and Punjab. [42] The five tribes constituting the Yuezhi are known in Chinese history as Xim (), Gushung (), Shungm (), Xdn (), and Dm (). [147], In 360 a Kidarite Hun named Kidara overthrew the Kushano-Sasanians and remnants of the old Kushan dynasty, and established the Kidarite Kingdom. The last of the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north, known as the Kidarites, and then the Hephthalites. Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies, vol. Scholars are said to have found many Buddhist scrolls that contained the Gandhari language. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda [Paktiya] and Jibin [Kapisha and Gandhara]. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda (Paktiya) and Jibin (Kapisha and Gandhara). Begram and Mathura: Summer and winter capitals respectively of the Kushan Empire; Dharanikota near Amaravati and Pratishthnapura: Capitals of Satavahana Empire Butkara I (Swt, Pakistan) 19561962, Volume III 1 (in English). [citation needed]. Although the Gupta period is generally considered to be the Golden Age, there was a remarkable epoch before it, which had its own measure of glory. (2007). The Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Aksumite Empire and the Han dynasty of China. [123] One of the names for Kushan coins was Dinara, which ultimately came from the Roman name Denarius aureus. The Ion Cannon Frigate was a Capital Ship designed against other capital ships used by the Kushan and Taiidan Empire in Homeworld. They finally surpassed the other Yuezhi tribes in power. [126][127][128] The imagery on Gupta coins then became more Indian in both style and subject matter compared to earlier dynasties, where Greco-Roman and Persian styles were mostly followed. The displaced Greek dynasties resettled to the southeast in areas of the Hindu Kush and the Indus basin (in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan), occupying the western part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The rule of Kanishka the Great, fourth Kushan king, lasted for about 23 years from c. AD 127. The Hou Hanshu says: "His son, Yangaozhen [probably Vema Tahk (tu) or, possibly, his brother Sadakaa], became king in his place. The Sassanian king Shapur I (240270) claims in his Naqsh-e Rostam inscription possession of the territory of the Kushans (Kn ahr) as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar), suggesting he controlled Bactria and areas as far as the Hindu-Kush or even south of it:[137]. I, the Mazda-worshipping lord, Shapur, king of kings of Iran and An-Iran (I) am the Master of the Domain of Iran (rnahr) and possess the territory of Persis, Parthian Hindestan, the Domain of the Kushan up to the limits of Pakabur and up to Kash, Sughd, and Chachestan. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/isl.2015.0036. A Sanskrit manuscript fragment in the Schyen Collection describes Huvishka as one who has "set forth in the Mahyna. By the time of Vasudeva I, the Kushan dynasty had been totally assimilated in `Indian' culture, as reflected in his and his successor's coins. Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente). 307323. [101], Shiva-Oesho wall painting with fragment of a worshipper, Bactria, 3rd century AD. [citation needed], Vasudeva I (Kushan: "Bazodeo", Chinese: "Bodiao") was the last of the "Great Kushans". Datarvharna, KUSHANO-SASANIANS Kanishka held areas of the Tarim Basin apparently corresponding to the ancient regions held by the Yeh-zhi, the possible ancestors of the Kushan. The Western Kushans (in Afghanistan) were soon subjugated by the Persian Sasanian Empire and lost Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara to them. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. 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